Symmetric and Asymmetric Impact of Poverty, Income Inequality, and Population on Carbon Emission in Pakistan: New Evidence From ARDL and NARDL Co-Integration

Several researchers have studied the relationship between poverty and environmental degradation, as these concerns are remained at top priority in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, symmetric asymmetric impact of income inequality along with population economic growth on carbon emissions (CO 2 e) has not been case Pakistan. For this purpose, short long-run poverty, inequality, population, GDP per capita CO e investigated by applying Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) Non-linear (NARDL) co-integration approach context Pakistan for period 1971–2015. The results current study show density increase both long-run, while no short-run. While that weakens degradation terms emissions. analysis NARDL also supports obtained from ARDL suggests a positive effect emission empirical findings provide policy implications light United Nation's SDGs development